Overview
In December 2024, the euro area seasonally-adjusted unemployment rate was 6.3%, up from 6.2% in November 2024 and down from 6.5% in December 2023. The EU unemployment rate was 5.9% in December 2024, up from 5.8% in November 2024 and down from 6.0% in December 2023. These figures are published by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union.
Eurostat estimates that 12.978 million persons in the EU, of whom 10.830 million in the euro area, were unemployed in December 2024.
-
Compared with November 2024, unemployment increased by 94 thousand in the EU and by 96 thousand in the euro area.
-
Compared with December 2023, unemployment decreased by 261 thousand in the EU and by 266 thousand in the euro area.
Youth unemployment
In December 2024, 2.927 million young persons (under 25) were unemployed in the EU, of whom 2.359 million were in the euro area. In December 2024, the youth unemployment rate was 15.0% in the EU, down from 15.2% in November 2024, and 14.8% in the euro area, down from 14.9% in the previous month.
-
Compared with November 2024, youth unemployment decreased by 38 thousand in the EU and by 18 thousand in the euro area.
-
Compared with December 2023, youth unemployment increased by 9 thousand in the EU and by 24 thousand in the euro area.
Unemployment by sex
In December 2024, the unemployment rate for women was 6.1% in the EU, stable compared with the previous month, and the unemployment rate for men was 5.7%, also stable compared with November 2024. In the euro area, the unemployment rate for women was 6.5%, up from 6.4% in the previous month, and the unemployment rate for men was 6.1%, stable compared with November 2024.
Additional labour market indicators
The estimates in this News Release are based on the globally used International Labour Organisation (ILO) standard definition of unemployment, which counts as unemployed people without a job who have been actively seeking work in the last four weeks and are available to start work within the next two weeks.
To capture in full the labour market situation, the data on unemployment have been complemented by additional indicators, e.g. underemployed part-time workers, persons seeking work but not immediately available and persons available to work but not seeking, released together with LFS data for the third quarter of 2024.
LFS data for the fourth quarter of 2024 will be released on 14 March 2025.
Tables
|
Seasonally adjusted unemployment, totals |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Rates (%) |
Number of persons (in thousands) |
|||||||||
|
2023 |
2024 |
2023 |
2024 |
|||||||
|
Dec |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Dec |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
|
|
6.5 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.2 |
6.3 |
11 096 |
10 851 |
10 797 |
10 734 |
10 830 |
|
|
6.0 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
5.8 |
5.9 |
13 239 |
13 044 |
12 920 |
12 884 |
12 978 |
|
|
5.6 |
5.8 |
5.8 |
5.8 |
5.8 |
299 |
308 |
311 |
311 |
313 |
|
|
4.4 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
135 |
121 |
120 |
117 |
114 |
|
|
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
142 |
144 |
133 |
146 |
137 |
|
|
5.8 |
6.6 |
5.8 |
6.7 |
7.0 |
186 |
216 |
191 |
218 |
230 |
|
|
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
1 411 |
1 528 |
1 521 |
1 518 |
1 520 |
|
|
6.9 |
7.8 |
7.3 |
7.3 |
7.3 |
51 |
59 |
55 |
55 |
55 |
|
|
4.5 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
126 |
120 |
122 |
120 |
122 |
|
|
10.4 |
9.4 |
9.7 |
9.5 |
9.4 |
492 |
442 |
463 |
450 |
444 |
|
|
11.9 |
11.1 |
10.9 |
10.7 |
10.6 |
2 884 |
2 712 |
2 659 |
2 622 |
2 602 |
|
|
7.5 |
7.5 |
7.6 |
7.7 |
7.8 |
2 331 |
2 358 |
2 386 |
2 424 |
2 455 |
|
|
5.6 |
4.8 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
98 |
84 |
81 |
80 |
78 |
|
|
7.1 |
6.1 |
6.0 |
5.9 |
6.2 |
1 807 |
1 570 |
1 521 |
1 506 |
1 593 |
|
|
5.5 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
28 |
23 |
23 |
23 |
23 |
|
|
7.0 |
6.8 |
6.8 |
6.8 |
6.8 |
67 |
64 |
64 |
64 |
64 |
|
|
7.0 |
7.5 |
6.9 |
6.9 |
6.5 |
109 |
118 |
109 |
109 |
106 |
|
|
5.7 |
6.1 |
6.2 |
6.2 |
6.1 |
19 |
21 |
21 |
21 |
21 |
|
|
4.3 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
212 |
220 |
220 |
219 |
212 |
|
|
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
|
3.6 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
361 |
377 |
376 |
372 |
373 |
|
|
5.4 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.0 |
5.3 |
254 |
264 |
266 |
237 |
253 |
|
|
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
542 |
540 |
543 |
541 |
538 |
|
|
6.4 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
6.6 |
6.4 |
346 |
355 |
359 |
359 |
352 |
|
|
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.4 |
5.3 |
5.2 |
459 |
458 |
441 |
436 |
429 |
|
|
3.3 |
4.6 |
4.9 |
5.1 |
5.2 |
35 |
47 |
51 |
54 |
55 |
|
|
5.6 |
5.2 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
154 |
144 |
145 |
145 |
145 |
|
|
7.7 |
8.5 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
219 |
242 |
243 |
243 |
243 |
|
|
8.1 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
8.5 |
466 |
481 |
482 |
482 |
483 |
|
|
3.6 |
3.4 |
: |
: |
: |
8 |
8 |
: |
: |
: |
|
|
3.8 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
114 |
122 |
123 |
123 |
123 |
|
|
4.1 |
4.7 |
: |
: |
: |
209 |
242 |
: |
: |
: |
|
|
3.8 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
6 361 |
6 788 |
7 000 |
7 180 |
6 930 |
|
|
Seasonally adjusted youth (under 25s) unemployment |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Rates (%) |
Number of persons (in thousands) |
|||||||||
|
2023 |
2024 |
2023 |
2024 |
|||||||
|
Dec |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Dec |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
|
|
14.6 |
14.8 |
14.9 |
14.9 |
14.8 |
2 335 |
2 375 |
2 387 |
2 377 |
2 359 |
|
|
15.0 |
15.3 |
15.1 |
15.2 |
15.0 |
2 918 |
2 994 |
2 953 |
2 965 |
2 927 |
|
|
17.0 |
18.5 |
19.4 |
19.4 |
19.4 |
72 |
80 |
87 |
87 |
87 |
|
|
14.0 |
12.1 |
12.3 |
12.3 |
12.8 |
17 |
13 |
14 |
14 |
14 |
|
|
8.3 |
12.2 |
10.1 |
10.0 |
9.0 |
23 |
34 |
29 |
28 |
25 |
|
|
13.1 |
15.4 |
14.4 |
17.3 |
16.0 |
64 |
79 |
69 |
84 |
80 |
|
|
6.1 |
6.6 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.4 |
280 |
305 |
302 |
298 |
294 |
|
|
17.7 |
19.2 |
16.7 |
16.3 |
16.3 |
10 |
11 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
|
11.0 |
10.6 |
10.9 |
11.2 |
11.6 |
40 |
40 |
42 |
44 |
45 |
|
|
23.7 |
16.1 |
23.4 |
23.3 |
21.0 |
65 |
36 |
60 |
57 |
46 |
|
|
28.8 |
26.2 |
25.7 |
25.4 |
25.3 |
497 |
475 |
461 |
451 |
451 |
|
|
17.6 |
20.3 |
20.6 |
20.5 |
20.4 |
595 |
697 |
707 |
702 |
700 |
|
|
17.9 |
16.0 |
15.4 |
15.4 |
15.4 |
22 |
20 |
19 |
19 |
19 |
|
|
21.6 |
19.0 |
18.0 |
19.4 |
19.4 |
336 |
270 |
251 |
268 |
265 |
|
|
16.9 |
12.2 |
11.9 |
11.9 |
11.9 |
6 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
|
|
14.1 |
12.8 |
13.7 |
14.1 |
14.2 |
9 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
10 |
|
|
16.2 |
20.5 |
18.5 |
18.6 |
17.8 |
16 |
22 |
20 |
20 |
19 |
|
|
21.1 |
22.6 |
23.1 |
22.9 |
22.3 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
|
|
15.0 |
16.9 |
16.6 |
16.0 |
14.5 |
46 |
53 |
52 |
50 |
44 |
|
|
8.7 |
11.3 |
10.6 |
10.6 |
10.5 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
|
8.1 |
9.0 |
8.9 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
148 |
161 |
161 |
158 |
158 |
|
|
11.3 |
9.6 |
11.4 |
10.8 |
10.3 |
61 |
51 |
59 |
55 |
54 |
|
|
12.1 |
10.8 |
10.8 |
10.8 |
10.8 |
141 |
125 |
124 |
124 |
123 |
|
|
23.1 |
20.9 |
21.3 |
21.0 |
20.5 |
88 |
78 |
82 |
81 |
80 |
|
|
22.1 |
25.3 |
: |
: |
: |
106 |
138 |
: |
: |
: |
|
|
10.3 |
14.5 |
17.2 |
17.2 |
17.2 |
8 |
11 |
17 |
17 |
17 |
|
|
19.9 |
17.6 |
17.8 |
17.9 |
18.3 |
28 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
26 |
|
|
17.4 |
18.8 |
18.9 |
18.9 |
19.0 |
56 |
61 |
61 |
62 |
62 |
|
|
23.3 |
24.1 |
24.0 |
23.9 |
23.9 |
159 |
164 |
163 |
163 |
163 |
|
|
8.6 |
8.7 |
: |
: |
: |
3 |
3 |
: |
: |
: |
|
|
11.1 |
12.4 |
13.0 |
10.0 |
12.7 |
46 |
53 |
57 |
43 |
56 |
|
|
8.0 |
9.7 |
: |
: |
: |
47 |
57 |
: |
: |
: |
|
|
Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates (%), by sex |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Males |
Females |
|||||||||
|
2023 |
2024 |
2023 |
2024 |
|||||||
|
Dec |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Dec |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
|
|
6.2 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.8 |
6.5 |
6.5 |
6.4 |
6.5 |
|
|
5.8 |
5.8 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
6.3 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
|
|
5.8 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.2 |
5.4 |
5.4 |
5.5 |
5.4 |
5.4 |
|
|
4.4 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
4.4 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
|
|
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
2.9 |
3.7 |
3.3 |
|
|
5.6 |
6.3 |
5.2 |
6.8 |
7.1 |
6.1 |
7.0 |
6.5 |
6.7 |
6.8 |
|
|
3.4 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
2.9 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
|
|
6.5 |
7.7 |
7.6 |
7.5 |
7.5 |
7.2 |
7.9 |
7.1 |
7.2 |
7.2 |
|
|
4.3 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
4.6 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
|
|
8.2 |
7.8 |
8.1 |
7.3 |
8.0 |
13.1 |
11.4 |
11.8 |
12.3 |
11.3 |
|
|
10.5 |
10.0 |
9.8 |
9.6 |
9.5 |
13.4 |
12.3 |
12.1 |
12.0 |
11.9 |
|
|
7.7 |
7.8 |
7.8 |
7.9 |
8.0 |
7.4 |
7.2 |
7.4 |
7.5 |
7.6 |
|
|
5.1 |
4.8 |
4.6 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
6.2 |
4.7 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
|
|
6.3 |
5.6 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
5.7 |
8.1 |
6.8 |
6.6 |
6.4 |
7.0 |
|
|
5.5 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
4.8 |
5.0 |
5.6 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
|
|
7.8 |
8.2 |
8.3 |
8.2 |
8.3 |
6.3 |
5.3 |
5.4 |
5.4 |
5.3 |
|
|
7.5 |
8.1 |
7.8 |
7.7 |
7.6 |
6.4 |
6.8 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
5.4 |
|
|
5.6 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.4 |
6.2 |
5.8 |
6.0 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.0 |
|
|
4.3 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
4.4 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
|
|
3.3 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
|
|
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
|
|
5.5 |
6.0 |
5.7 |
5.8 |
5.8 |
5.2 |
5.1 |
5.6 |
4.1 |
4.9 |
|
|
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
|
|
6.2 |
6.2 |
6.2 |
6.4 |
6.3 |
6.7 |
6.8 |
6.9 |
6.8 |
6.6 |
|
|
6.3 |
6.1 |
5.7 |
5.5 |
5.4 |
4.7 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
|
|
3.1 |
4.7 |
5.1 |
5.4 |
5.6 |
3.6 |
4.5 |
4.7 |
4.8 |
4.7 |
|
|
5.3 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
|
|
8.4 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
7.0 |
7.7 |
7.8 |
7.8 |
7.9 |
|
|
8.1 |
8.2 |
8.2 |
8.1 |
8.1 |
8.2 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
|
|
4.0 |
3.8 |
: |
: |
: |
3.2 |
3.1 |
: |
: |
: |
|
|
3.8 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
4.4 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
|
|
4.0 |
4.6 |
: |
: |
: |
4.3 |
4.9 |
: |
: |
: |
|
Notes for users
Revisions and timetable
The data in this News Release can be subject to revisions, caused by updates to the seasonally adjusted series whenever new monthly data are added; the inclusion of the most recent LFS data in the calculation process; update of seasonal adjustment models with complete annual data.
Compared with the rates published in News Release of 7 January 2025, the November 2024 unemployment rate for the euro area has been revised from 6.3% to 6.2% and the unemployment rate for the EU has been revised from 5.9% to 5.8%. Among EU Member States, the rate has been revised by more than 0.1 percentage points (pp) downwards for Spain (by 0.5 pp) and Estonia (by 0.2 pp). The rate has been revised by more than 0.1 percentage points (pp) upwards for Italy (0.2 pp).
Country notes
Germany, the Netherlands, Finland, Sweden as well as Iceland and Norway: the trend component is used instead of the more volatile seasonally adjusted data.
Estonia and Portugal: 3-month moving averages of LFS data are used instead of pure monthly indicators.
Methods and definitions
Eurostat publishes harmonised unemployment rates for individual EU Member States, the euro area and the EU. These unemployment rates are based on the definition recommended by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The measurement is based on a harmonised data source, the European Union Labour Force Survey (LFS).
Based on the ILO definition, Eurostat defines unemployed persons as persons aged 15 to 74 who:
The unemployment rate is the number of people unemployed as a percentage of the labour force.
The labour force is the total number of people employed plus unemployed. In this news release unemployment rates are based on employment and unemployment data covering persons aged 15 to 74.
The youth unemployment rate is the number of people aged 15 to 24 unemployed as a percentage of the labour force of the same age. Therefore, the youth unemployment rate should not be interpreted as the share of jobless people in the overall youth population.
When data for the most recent month are not available for a Member State, EU and EA aggregates are calculated using the latest data available for that Member State.
Geographical information
Euro area (EA20): Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland.
European Union (EU27): Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland and Sweden.
For more information
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